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Authors
Hirai, Mitsuaki
Martinsen, Andrea
Mwenda, John
Nzara, Boniface
Rajasingham, Anangu
Chivasa, Milliton
Handireketi, Newten
Mavi, Tariro
Shirihuru, Nesbert
Zinyandu, Eddington
Nkomo, Witness M.
Sibanda, Silindile
Kushner, Cindy
Nyamandi, Victor
Midzi, Nicholas
Handzel, Thomas
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
United States Agency for International Development
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Article History
Received: 7 November 2025
Accepted: 25 May 2026
First Online: 7 June 2026
Declarations
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: This study received ethical approval from the Medical Research Council of Zimbabwe (MRCZ/A/2947) and was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. CDC’s Institutional Review Board also reviewed the research protocols and relevant data collection instruments of this study, which was determined as a non-research public health activity. All participants provided written informed consent after being informed of the study’s purpose, confidentiality procedures, and the use of recording devices for transcription. Participants also understood and agreed that the findings would be used to inform public health interventions in Zimbabwe and other settings.
: Informed consent was obtained from all participants to publish the findings.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
