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Authors
Hasan, Muhammad Kamil Che
Mahat, Nur Ain
Firdaus, Mohd Khairul Zul Hasymi
Hamid, Shidqiyyah Abd
Jamaludin, Thandar Soe Sumaiyah
Hatta, Nik Noor Kaussar Nik Mohd
Ahmad, Zulkhairul Naim Sidek
Triastuti, Efta
Fang, Kow Fang
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
United States Agency for International Development (SP124-199-0199)
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Article History
Received: 3 February 2026
Accepted: 29 May 2026
First Online: 20 August 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) Research Ethics Committee (IREC) (ID: IREC 2024 − 213), and the research was conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines and regulations of the institution and committee, including principles governing research involving human participants. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their inclusion in the study; for those under 16 years of age, consent was obtained from a parent or legal guardian.
Consent for publication: Not applicable since this study does not contain any identifiable personal data.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
