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Authors
Ahmed, Abdiwali Mohamed https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9879-6577
Sani, Jamilu https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9089-5973
Yusuf, Rafiu Olalekan
Halane, Salad https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1618-8745
Ahmed, Mohamed Mustaf https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5991-4052
Abdishakur, Abdihakim Elmi https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8566-4510
Hussein, Ahmed Mohamud https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9207-6576
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Article History
Received: 30 August 2025
Accepted: 3 June 2026
First Online: 18 June 2026
Declarations
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: This study utilized secondary data from the 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS), which was conducted in accordance with recognized ethical standards. Ethical approval for the survey was obtained from the National Health Research Ethics Committee (NHREC) and the ICF Institutional Review Board (IRB). The NDHS adhered to international principles for research involving human participants, ensuring compliance with all ethical protocols. Since the NDHS data were collected through anonymous household surveys, informed consent was implied through the voluntary participation of respondents. All participants were informed about the purpose of the survey and their right to decline participation at any stage. The anonymized nature of the dataset ensured that no personal identifiers were disclosed to the researchers during data analysis.
: The NDHS data are publicly available and de-identified, eliminating the need for additional consent for publication. All analyses were conducted using publicly accessible data, in strict adherence to ethical standards that protect participant confidentiality and privacy.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
