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Article History

Received: 29 October 2025

Accepted: 8 June 2026

First Online: 16 June 2026

Declarations

:

: The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Biomedical Research Ethics Committee of Hanoi University of Public Health under approval No. 84/2024/YTCC-HD3 dated April 19, 2024. The research was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants were clearly informed about the study objectives, procedures, and their right to voluntarily participate in or withdraw from the study at any time. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their participation. Participants’ information was kept confidential and used solely for research purposes.

: Not applicable. No identifiable personal information, images, or individual-level data of participants are included in this manuscript.

: The authors declare no competing interests.