Document is current

Article History

Received: 5 January 2026

Accepted: 10 June 2026

First Online: 19 July 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the National Health Research Ethics Committee (NHREC) of Nigeria. The participation of subjects in the study was voluntary. Every participant was assured of his/her confidentiality and assured that his/her sputum specimens were used for TB diagnosis and the study only. The study was conducted between December 2021 and November, 2022 and participants were recruited into the study all through the study period. The research was conducted in accordance with the guidelines and regulations of the National Health Research Committee, Nigeria. Each respondent in the study signed a written informed consent form before participation. The study objectives, procedure, and benefit to the individual/society were discussed with every eligible client before the informed consent form was administered.

Consent for publication: All respondents gave their consent for the use and publication of the anonymised research data.

Competing interests: The corresponding Author, Edmund Ndudi Ossai declares that he is an Editorial Board Member of Discover Public Health and do hereby confirm that he was not involved in any way in the handling or decision-making of this very submission.