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Article History

Received: 23 December 2025

Accepted: 18 June 2026

First Online: 14 July 2026

Declarations

:

: The 2023–2024 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS), from which the data used in this study were obtained, received ethical approval from the ICF Institutional Review Board (IRB) and the National Health Research Ethics Committee of Nigeria (NHREC). The survey was conducted in accordance with applicable ethical guidelines and regulations. This study involved secondary analysis of anonymised publicly available data and therefore did not require additional ethical approval. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants by the DHS Program during the original data collection. The present study used anonymised secondary data; therefore, no additional consent to participate was required.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.