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Article History

Received: 7 January 2026

Accepted: 22 June 2026

First Online: 15 July 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to particiapte: Ethical approval for the 2023/2024 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) was obtained from the ICF Institutional Review Board Ethics Committee and the National Health Research Ethics Committee of Nigeria (NHREC). Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. Access to the anonymized NDHS dataset used in this study was granted through the DHS Program following a formal request and approval process. As this study involved secondary analysis of publicly available de-identified data, additional ethical approval was not required. The original survey was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the approving ethics committees and relevant national and international guidelines and regulations governing research involving human participants.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.