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Article History

Received: 12 August 2025

Accepted: 7 July 2026

First Online: 19 July 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was part of a large PhD research project for which initial ethical approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Malaysia. Since data collection was carried out in Pakistan, additional ethical approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak, Pakistan, on 1st February 2025 (Notification No. 01/ERC/02-2025). All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committees and the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants gave written informed consent to participate in this study through informed consent form.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Accordance statement: All procedures performed in this study were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible institutional ethics committees and the Declaration of Helsinki.