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Article History

Received: 8 February 2026

Accepted: 10 July 2026

First Online: 7 August 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Review Committee of the University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan. All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with institutional ethical guidelines, the National Bioethics Committee (NBC) Ethical Guidelines for Social Science Research in Pakistan, and the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent to participate was obtained from all individuals involved in the study. Participants were informed about the study’s purpose, voluntary nature of participation, and their right to withdraw at any stage without penalty.

Compliance statement: The research was conducted strictly in accordance with the guidelines, policies, and ethical standards of the Institutional Ethics Review Committee of the University of Education, Lahore, and adhered to all relevant national and international regulations governing research involving human participants.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.