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Article History

Received: 26 March 2026

Accepted: 14 July 2026

First Online: 26 July 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was a secondary analysis of de-identified, aggregate facility-level data and did not involve direct interaction with human participants. The requirement for formal ethical approval and informed consent was waived by the institutional review authority of the participating institutions (Medic Medical Network, Dong Da General Hospital, and the Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Vietnam). The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant institutional guidelines and regulations. All data were fully de-identified prior to analysis. The requirement for informed consent to participate was waived by the institutional review authority of the participating institutions, given the use of de-identified, retrospective aggregate facility-level data with no direct interaction with human participants.

Consent for publication: The requirement for informed consent was waived due to the use of fully de-identified, retrospective aggregate data.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.