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Authors
Idris, Khalifa Auwal
Muhammad, Mukhtar
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Article History
Received: 20 February 2026
Accepted: 22 July 2026
First Online: 28 August 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: Prior to commencement, the study was first approved by the Bayero University Kano, Nigeria institutional ethic committee, after which ethical approval and official permissions were obtained from the relevant State Ministries of Education and the authorities of the selected schools (KS/PVIB/CORGEN/185). All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with institutional ethical standards and the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Participation in the study was voluntary, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
