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Article History

Received: 15 June 2025

Accepted: 23 July 2026

First Online: 3 August 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study used secondary data from the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS). The EDHS protocols were reviewed and approved by the Ethiopian Public Health Institute Review Board and the Institutional Review Board of ICF International. Permission to access and use the EDHS datasets was obtained from the DHS Program through formal request and approval. The datasets are fully anonymized and publicly available; therefore, no additional ethical approval was required for this secondary analysis. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants by the DHS implementing agencies at the time of data collection as part of the EDHS procedures.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.