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Article History

Received: 23 May 2026

Accepted: 23 July 2026

First Online: 16 August 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the University of Health and Allied Sciences Research Ethics Committee (UHAS-REC), Ghana (Protocol Identification Number: UHAS-REC B.10 [34]24-25). Administrative permission to conduct the study was obtained from the Kpando Municipal Health Directorate and the Health Directorates of the participating districts. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and all applicable institutional and national guidelines and regulations governing research involving human participants. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before data collection. Participation was voluntary, and participants were assured of confidentiality, anonymity, and their right to withdraw from the study at any stage without any consequences. Confidentiality and anonymity were maintained by excluding identifying information and anonymising all collected data.

Consent for publication: There is no personally identifiable data, including biomedical, clinical, and biometric data, images, or videos relating to people involved in this study, hence this is not applicable.

Competing interests: We declare no competing interests.