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Article History

Received: 2 April 2026

Accepted: 27 July 2026

First Online: 2 August 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study is based on the publicly available 2022 TDHS-MIS dataset, which are accessible online and have been de-identified. The initial survey was approved by the National Institute of Medical Research Ethics Committee in Tanzania and the ICF Macro Ethics Committee in Calverton, New York. We obtained permission to use the DHS data from MEASURE Tanzania Demographic and Health Surveys after submitting a request outlining our data analysis plan. Upon receiving approval, we downloaded the dataset from the DHS Program’s website. The informed consents were obtained from all participants during the 2022 TDHS-MIS before data collection. The study uses de-identified secondary data and therefore no additional consent to participate was required.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.