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Association of self-reported asthma symptoms and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis with truck traffic frequency and environmental tobacco smoke exposure among preschool children in Gauteng townships, South Africa

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12982-026-02967-y

Published Online: 2026-09-25

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Bhuda, Mandla https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2468-019X
Wichmann, Janine

Shirinde, Joyce
Funding

Funding for this research was provided by:

Ninety-One project (Ltd)pty (no grant number)

University of Pretoria (No grant number)
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Text and Data Mining valid from 2026-09-25

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Article History

Received: 30 March 2026

Accepted: 9 September 2026

First Online: 25 September 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Helsinki Declaration, ensuring the privacy and confidentiality of participants and that no risks were associated with participation. Ethical approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria (Approval number: 647/2021). Permission to conduct the study was subsequently granted by the Gauteng Department of Social Development, as well as the preschool principals and owners. Informed consent was obtained from parents or guardians through a letter detailing the study, and participants were free to withdraw at any time. All information collected during the study was kept confidential.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

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