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Authors
Ngoma, Chimwemwe https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8648-1244
Mthuzi, Uchindami
Munthali, George N. Chidimbah
Kaphamtengo, Deborah
Nyirongo, Moses
Matatiyo, Apatsa
Adebisi, Yusuff Adebayo
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Article History
Received: 4 April 2026
Accepted: 14 September 2026
First Online: 17 September 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study utilised anonymised secondary data from the 2024 MDHS. The original data collection was approved by the Malawi National Health Sciences Research Committee (NHSRC), and access to the datasets was granted by the DHS Program upon formal request.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: Chimwemwe Ngoma is a consultant to Knowledge•Action•Change (K•A•C), a public health organisation focused on tobacco harm reduction, funded by a grant from Global Action to End Smoking (GA). K•A•C and GA had no role in the design, analysis, or reporting of this study. The contents, selection, and presentation of findings are the sole responsibility of the authors. None of the authors has any commercial interest in smoking cessation programmes, nicotine products, or tobacco products.
