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Article History

Received: 29 January 2026

Accepted: 15 September 2026

First Online: 6 October 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Health Research Ethics Review Committee (IHRERC) of the College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University with Reference. Number IHRERC 245/2024. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Permission letters were also secured from the respective kebele administrations prior to data collection. Written informed consent was obtained voluntarily from all participants after providing detailed information about the study objectives, procedures, potential risks and benefits, and issues of privacy and confidentiality. Participants were informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any time or to skip specific questions without any repercussions. Confidentiality and anonymity were strictly maintained, and all data were securely stored to protect participants’ personal information.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.