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Article History

Received: 28 May 2026

Accepted: 16 September 2026

First Online: 20 September 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki (2013 revision) for research involving human participants. The study was approved by the Mulungushi University School of Medicine and Health Sciences research ethics committee (ref: SMHS-MU2-2025-12) on 24th April 2025 and National Health Research Authority (ref: NHRA- 2168/27/04/2025) on 30th April 2025. Written/verbal informed consent was obtained from all participants. Confidentiality was maintained throughout the study and securely stored. Written/verbal informed consent was obtained from all participants. Confidentiality was maintained throughout the study and securely stored.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.