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Article History

Received: 16 December 2024

Accepted: 26 March 2025

First Online: 10 April 2025

Declarations

:

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: A.F. has received payments as consultant and/or speaker from Abbott, Boston Scientific, Ceregate, Inbrain Neuroelectronics, Medtronic, Iota and has received research support from Boston Scientific, Medtronic; K.D.F. reports receiving research support and fellowship support from Medtronic and Boston Scientific and research support from Functional Neuromodulation; J.K.K. is a consultant to Medtronic, Boston Scientific, aleva and Inomed; A.A.K. is a consultant to Medtronic, Boston Scientific and Teva; A.M.L. is a consultant to Abbott, Boston Scientific, Insightec, Medtronic and Functional Neuromodulation (Scientific Director). EM has received an educational grant from Boston Scientific and honoraria from Medtronic and Newronika; M.S.O. serves as Medical Advisor in the Parkinson’s Foundation, and has received research grants from NIH, Parkinson’s Foundation, the Michael J. Fox Foundation, the Parkinson Alliance, Smallwood Foundation, the Bachmann-Strauss Foundation, the Tourette Syndrome Association, and the UF Foundation. M.S.O. 's research is supported by: R01 NS131342 NIH R01 NR014852, R01NS096008, UH3NS119844, U01NS119562. M.S.O. is PI of the NIH R25NS108939 Training Grant. M.S.O. has received royalties for publications with Hachette Book Group, Demos, Manson, Amazon, Smashwords, Books4Patients, Perseus, Robert Rose, Oxford and Cambridge (movement disorders books). M.S.O. is an associate editor for New England Journal of Medicine Journal Watch Neurology and JAMA Neurology. M.S.O. has participated in CME and educational activities (past 12–24 months) on movement disorders sponsored by WebMD/Medscape, RMEI Medical Education, American Academy of Neurology, Movement Disorders Society, Mediflix and by Vanderbilt University. The institution and not M.S.O. receives grants from industry. M.S.O. has participated as a site PI and/or co-I for several NIH, foundation, and industry sponsored trials over the years but has not received honoraria. Research projects at the University of Florida receive device and drug donations; A.S. received consulting fees from Abbott, Zambon, and Abbvie, and speaker honoraria from bsh medical communication, Abbott, Kyowa Kirin, Novartis, Abbvie, and Alexion, GE Healtcare. The institution of A.S., not A.S. personally, received funding by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, the Brunhilde Moll Foundation, and Abbott; L.T. received occasional payments as a consultant for Boston Scientific, L.T. received honoraria as a speaker on symposia sponsored by Boston Scientific, AbbVIE, Novartis, Neuraxpharm, Teva, the Movement Disorders Society und DIAPLAN. The institution of L.T., not L.T. personally, received funding by Boston Scientific, the German Research Foundation, the German Ministry of Education and Research, the Otto-Loewi-Foundation and the Deutsche Parkinson Vereinigung. Neither L.T. nor any member of his family holds stocks, stock options, patents or financial interests in any of the above-mentioned companies or their competitors. L.T. serves as the president of the German Neurological Society without any payment or any income; V.V.V. received occasional payments as a consultant or speaker on symposia from Boston Scientific and Medtronic. J.V. reports grants and personal fees from Medtronic, grants and personal fees from Boston Scientific, personal fees from Abbott outside the submitted work. J.V. was supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG, Project-ID424778381, TRR 295)—J.V. received consulting and lecture fees from Boston Scientific, Medtronic and Newronika, research grants from the German Research Foundation, the German Ministry of Research and Education, Boston Scientific and Medtronic, lecture Honoraria from UCB, Zambon, Abbott; A.P. and S.M. are founders and shareholders of Newronika Spa, Italy; All the other authors declare no competing interests.