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Article History

Received: 4 July 2025

Accepted: 19 January 2026

First Online: 4 February 2026

Declarations

:

: Not applicable.

: All authors contributed to this article and approved the submitted version.

: LS is an employee at Boston Consulting Group GmbH. MI has been a policy advisor on neurotechnology to the OECD, the Council of Europe, UNESCO, and the EU Parliament. He receives book royalties from Cambridge University Press, Oxford University Press, Routledge, Springer Nature and Elsevier. He is a member of the ethics board of IDUN Technologies, a company producing EEG-earbuds. None of these interests can be construed as a conflict of interest. All other authors declare no competing interests.