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Authors
Aliaga, Nelida https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7575-7302
Lizana, Jafeth https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5292-1803
Forsström, Liv Nilsson https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7867-9577
Juthberg, Robin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3488-1152
Ackermann, Paul W. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5520-169X
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Karolinska Institute
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Article History
Received: 29 September 2025
Accepted: 18 April 2026
First Online: 25 April 2026
Declarations
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: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority (Dnr: 2019–04020 and 2021-05076). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to enrolment.
: Written informed consent for publication of anonymised images was obtained from all participants whose images are included in this manuscript.
: PWA and RJ are co-founders of a company developing neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) technology. The remaining authors declare that they have no competing interests. The company had no role in the study design, data collection, analysis, interpretation, or decision to submit the manuscript.
