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Authors
Malik, Raza N.
Samejima, Soshi
Williams, Alison M. M.
Hosseinzadeh, Ali
Ogalo, Emmanuel
Stolz, Alexander
Lam, Chantal
Shackleton, Claire
Miller, Tiev
Sobeeh, Mohamed Gomaa
Boyd, Lara A.
Kramer, John L. K.
Lam, Tania
Sachdeva, Rahul
Berger, Michael J.
Krassioukov, Andrei V.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Paralyzed Veterans of America ((#3196))
Rick Hansen Foundation ((#2007-21))
Rick Hansen Foundation ((35869 IOF))
Michael Smith Health Research BC ((CANTAP-2023-03855 & CTTP-2024-04574))
The Canadian Training Platform for Trials Leveraging Existing Networks ((CANTAP-2023-03855))
The CANadian Consortium of Clinical Trial TRAINing platform ((CTTP-2024-04574))
Canadian Institutes for Health Research ((PJT-15603))
Canada Foundation for Innovation and BC Knowledge Development Fund ((35869))
International Spinal Research Trust ((#GR019728))
Praxis Spinal Cord Institute ((#G2021-30))
Wings for Life Research Foundation ((WFL-CA-20/21))
US Department of Defense ((W81XWH-22-1-0929))
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Article History
Received: 12 November 2025
Accepted: 27 April 2026
First Online: 18 May 2026
Declarations
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: All procedures were approved by the University of British Columbia Clinical Research Ethics Board (H20-01307, H22-00365, H20-01163, H22-03727). All participants provided written informed consent.
: All participant provided written informed consent for their data to be published.
: Dr. Krassioukov serves on the advisory board for Onward Medical Inc. All other authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.
