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Authors
Ren, Hongying
Wang, Wen
Tao, Li
Song, Xiaoshu
Bai, Bin
Wang, Min
Li, Xiaoyan
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Article History
Received: 11 April 2026
Accepted: 17 June 2026
First Online: 21 June 2026
Declarations
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: The CHARLS study was conducted following the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Peking University. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant before data were collected. Since the study relied on anonymized, publicly available datasets, additional ethical clearance was not required.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
