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Authors
Liang, Guojun
Liu, Qiong
Song, Yang
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Article History
Received: 6 August 2025
Accepted: 6 November 2025
First Online: 29 December 2025
Declarations
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: This study performed a secondary analysis of publicly available, de-identified adverse event reports retrieved from the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), a national passive surveillance system jointly managed by the U.S. CDC and FDA. No individual-level identifiers were accessed, and no attempt was made to re-identify subjects. Because only anonymous, open-access data were used, this work does not constitute human subjects research under U.S. federal regulations and institutional policies, and thus formal Institutional Review Board review or ethical approval was not required.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: During the preparation of this work the author(s) used DeepL ( ) and Youdao ( ) in order to improve readability. After using this tool/service, the author(s)reviewed and edited the content as needed. The author(s) take(s) full responsibility for the content of the publication.
