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Authors
Schwarzer, Anne
Schopf, Franziska
Groschup, Martin H.
Bock, Sabine
Heenemann, Kristin
Herms, Louise
Himmelreich, Anke
Kenklies, Susanne
Kilwinski, Jochen
Konrath, Andrea
Michel, Friederike
Müller, Kerstin
Priemer, Grit
Rahner, Ronja
Sauerwald, Claudia
Scuda, Nelly
Siempelkamp, Timo
Skuballa, Jasmin
Wonnemann, Hubert
Keller, Markus
Vahlenkamp, Thomas W.
Ziegler, Ute
Sadeghi, Balal
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Bundesforschungsinstitut für Tiergesundheit
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Article History
Received: 19 September 2025
Accepted: 1 December 2025
First Online: 18 December 2025
Declarations
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: Organ samples were taken from deceased birds during necropsies performed by the submitters for which, according to German law, ethical approval was not required. Blood samples were taken either for diagnostic purposes at veterinary clinics, rescue centers, and zoos, for which ethical approval was also not required, or immediately after birds were euthanized.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
