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Authors
Philippot, Karin Wallin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5390-5829
Leijon, Mikael https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8701-9887
Lindgren, Ylva https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1556-0110
Banihashem, Fereshteh
Jinnerot, Tomas https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0040-0090
Lengquist, Veronica
Suhel, Faisal https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9437-1884
Bøe, Cathrine Arnason https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6834-0460
Spilsberg, Bjørn https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8579-4089
Nymo, Ingebjørg Helena https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4844-8344
Rockström, Ulrika
Wensman, Jonas Johansson https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6957-7110
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
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Article History
Received: 10 September 2025
Accepted: 4 December 2025
First Online: 31 December 2025
Declarations
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: During the relevant time, any severely affected reindeer calves were euthanized by their owners to prevent further spread of the potentially contagious disease. Hence, no permit was required for the use of the animals in this research. The samples were then sent for postmortem examination and analysis and stored in the laboratory biobank system. These samples and results were subsequently used for this study. Field euthanasia of the reindeer was carried out in accordance with the European Council Regulation (EC) 1099/2009 to protect the animals at the time of death ( ); a captive bolt gun or a rifle was used for stunning, followed by exsanguination to ensure the rapid death of the animal.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
