Tushabe, Phionah
Turyahabwe, Irene
Bukenya, Henry
Eliku, James Peter
Aine, Francis
Gaizi, Joseph
Nyachwo, Mary
Birungi, Molly
Tibanagwa, Mayi
Nakyeyune, Rena Patricia
Namuwulya, Prossy
Nanteza, Mary Bridget
Bwogi, Josephine
Funding for this research was provided by:
Government of Uganda
Article History
Received: 24 October 2025
Accepted: 8 January 2026
First Online: 27 January 2026
Declarations
:
: Ethical approval was not required for this study because the samples were collected as part of routine public health surveillance activities. No additional sampling was undertaken for research purposes, and all samples were anonymised prior to analysis.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.