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Authors
Washaya, Tendai
Chimukangara, Benjamin
Mayini, Justin
Bote, Sandra
Chin’ombe, Nyasha
Munyati, Shungu
Manasa, Justen
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institutes of Health (D43 TW011326)
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Article History
Received: 3 December 2025
Accepted: 9 March 2026
First Online: 15 March 2026
Declarations
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: This study obtained research ethics approval from the local institutional review board of the University of Zimbabwe Joint Research Ethics Committee. Additional approvals were obtained from the BRTI Ethics Research Board, the Parirenyatwa Group of Hospitals (JREC/362/2021), and the Medical Research Council of Zimbabwe (MRCZ/A/2847).
: This study did not obtain informed consent from individuals because it used anonymized routine HIVDR samples for genotyping. The Ministry of Health of Zimbabwe approved this study and waived the need for individual participant consent.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
