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Authors
Reggiani, Alessandro https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4101-0956
Rugna, Gianluca https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7437-1929
Gelmini, Luca
Bariselli, Simone
Pupillo, Giovanni
D’Annunzio, Giulia
Prosperi, Alice
Garbarino, Chiara
Fiorentini, Laura
Perulli, Simona
Maioli, Giulia
Bassi, Patrizia
Rubini, Silva
Trogu, Tiziana
Moreno Martin, Ana Maria https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8497-9708
Carra, Elena
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Health, Italy (grant E55F21002740006 – IZSLER PRC2021006)
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Article History
Received: 2 December 2025
Accepted: 4 May 2026
First Online: 20 May 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical review and approval were waived for this study, as no animals were killed for research purposes. All samples originated from routine diagnostic activities performed within the regional wildlife surveillance program (DGR, 13 November 2017, no. 1703), and not from experimental procedures. Therefore, since sampling was not specifically programmed as an experimental study but derived from ordinary diagnostic workflows, this work does not fall under the provisions of the Italian National Law on animal experimentation (D. Lgs. 4 March 2014, n. 26; implementation of EU Directive 2010/63/EU), and no formal ethical approval was required.Regarding rats, carcasses originated from rodent control programmes and were submitted to our institute already dead; thus, no animal experimentation was involved. Nonetheless, an opinion was requested from the IZSLER Ethics Committee, which confirmed that the activity did not constitute animal experimentation and issued a favourable assessment (IZSLER Prot. 5178/2023).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
