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Authors
Jiang, Yuyang https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5966-6878
Wang, Jiaxing
Luo, Kaiyu
Wu, Jiahao
Li, Zhikai
Zhu, Hui
Du, Lin
Min, Mengzhen
Zhong, Zhigang
Chen, Shangmin
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the 2025 Shantou Science and Technology Plan Medical and Health Project (No. 250928209618515)
the Project of Philosophy and Social Sciences Planning of Guangdong Province (No. GD26YGG01)
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Article History
Received: 25 February 2026
Accepted: 5 August 2026
First Online: 11 August 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The NHANES was approved by the NCHS Research Ethics Review Board, and all participants provided written informed consent. This study is a secondary analysis of publicly available deidentified data and was exempt from additional institutional review.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: We have no conflicts of interest to declare.
