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Article History

Received: 8 January 2025

Accepted: 20 April 2025

First Online: 8 May 2025

Declarations

:

: The study was approved by the local ethics committees of the Ruhr-University Bochum (Approval No. 20–7054-BR) and of the LAGeSo Berlin (No. ZS EK 10 407/08, new: 08/0407-EK 15 and No. 06/0510 ZS EK 15). It was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki in its applicable version. Every participant provided written informed consent before screening.

: Not applicable.

: R. Schneider has received consulting and speakers’ honoraria from Roche Pharma AG, Novartis Pharma, Merck KGaA and Alexion Pharma & has received research scientific grant support from Novartis Pharma, all not related to this work; T. Ladopoulos has received a research grant from Novartis Pharma, unrelated to this project; R. Rust has received speaking honoraria from Roche, unrelated to this project; C. Chien received writing honoraria from the British Society for Immunology, is a Standing Committee on Science Member for the CIHR, and has received research support from Novartis and Alexion, and is part of a consortium project funded by the US Department of Defense, unrelated to this project; R. Gold has received research support and speaker’s honoraria from Bayer-Schering, Biogen Idec, BMS, Chugai, Eisai, Genesis, Janssen, Merck Serono, Nikkiso Pharma, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, Sandoz, and Teva, consulting honoraria from ZLB Behring, Baxter, Roche, and Talecris, and personal stock options in Bayer, Merck, and Roche; F. Paul received support from NeuroCure Clinical Research Center for the present manuscript, has received research support from German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Einstein Foundation, Guthy Jackson Charitable Foundation, EU FP7 Framework Program, Biogen, Genzyme, Merck Serono, Novartis, Bayer, Roche, consulting fees from Alexion, Roche, Horizon, Neuraxpharm, has received honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus from Almirall, Bayer, Biogen, GlaxoSmithKline, Hexal, Merck, Sanofi Genzyme, Novartis, Viela Bio, UCB, Mitsubishi Tanable, Celgene, Guthy Jackson Foundation, Serono, support for attending meetings or travel from Merck, Guthy Jackson Foundation, Bayer, Biogen, Merck Serono, Sanofi Genzyme, Novartis, Alexion, Viela Bio, Roche, UCB, Mitsubishi Tanable, Celgene, participated on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board for Celgene AdBoard, Roche AdBoard, USB AdBoard, Merck AdBoard, is an associatee editor with Neurology, Neuroimmunology, and Neuroinflammation and academic editor with PloS One; C. Lukas received a research grant by the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research, BMBF, German Competence Network Multiple Sclerosis (KKNMS), grant no.01GI1601I, and received consulting and speaker’s honoraria from Biogen Idec, Bayer Schering, BMS, Daiichi Sankyo, Merck Serono, Novartis, Sanofi, Genzyme and TEVA. B. Krieger reports no disclosures relevant to the manuscript. B. Bellenberg reports no disclosures relevant to the manuscript. Z. Abbas reports no disclosures relevant to the manuscript. T. Schmitz-Hübsch reports no disclosures relevant to the manuscript. A.K. Roenneke reports no disclosures relevant to the manuscript.

: Not applicable.