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Authors
Eide, Per Kristian
Lashkarivand, Aslan
Hernes, Susanne Sørensen
Ringstad, Geir
Hovd, Markus
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
University of Oslo
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Article History
Received: 26 January 2026
Accepted: 26 May 2026
First Online: 9 June 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical standards in line with the Declaration of Helsinki (1975, revised in 1983) were strictly followed. The Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics of Health, Southeast Region, Norway, approved both the study using intrathecal iodixanol and blood sampling (approval 266464) and the study using intrathecal gadobutrol and blood sampling (approval 2015/96; 26344). Written and oral informed consent was provided by all patients prior to inclusion.
: The data protection officer of Oslo University Hospital approved the study using intrathecal iodixanol and blood sampling (approval 21/14081) and the study using intrathecal gadobutrol and blood sampling (2015/1868). The study using intrathecal gadobutrol was also approved by the National Medicines Agency, Norway (15/04932–7; new approval number EU CT 2024-519936-18–00).
: A.L., S.S.H. and M.H. have declared that no conflict of interest exists; PKE and GR are shareholders in BrainWideSolutions AS, Oslo, Norway, which is a holder of patents US 11,272,841 and US 12,016,651-B2.
