Li, Haonan
Holzhausen, Elizabeth A.
Paudel, Devendra
Young, Nathan D.
Ottino-González, Jonatan
Lurmann, Frederick W.
Walker, Douglas I.
Chang, Howard H.
Liang, Donghai
Bansal, Ravi
Goran, Michael I.
Peterson, Bradley S.
Alderete, Tanya L.
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (K01 MD020215)
National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (P50 MD017344)
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (T32 ES007141-41)
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R01 ES035056)
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R01 ES035035)
Health Effects Institute (Rosenblith Award)
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01 DK110793)
Gerber Foundation (15PN-013)
Article History
Received: 4 August 2025
Accepted: 29 December 2025
First Online: 1 March 2026
Declarations
:
: The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Southern California, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, and Johns Hopkins University. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to enrollment. The research was carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Michael I. Goran receives royalties for his book, SugarProof, and is a scientific advisor for Bobbi Laboratories. The other authors declare no financial or non-financial competing interests.