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Article History

Received: 25 May 2022

Accepted: 20 December 2022

First Online: 3 March 2023

Declarations

:

: No ethics approval or consent to participate were needed as the study relied on publicly available data aggregated at the organisational or country level. The ethical implications of this study article were approved via a peer ethics review process at the Department of Social and Policy Sciences, University of Bath in February 2020.

: Not applicable.

: Dr Saito received personal fees from TAIHO Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd outside the scope of the submitted work. Dr Ozaki received personal fees from Medical Network Systems outside the scope of the submitted work. Dr. Ozieranski’s former PhD student was supported by a grant from Sigma Pharmaceuticals, a UK pharmacy wholesaler and distributor (not a pharmaceutical company). The PhD work funded by Sigma Pharmaceuticals is unrelated to the subject of this paper. Dr Mulinari’s partner is employed by ICON, a global Contract Research Organization whose customers include many pharmaceutical companies. Ms Rickard reports no conflicting interests.