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Article History

Received: 20 March 2024

Accepted: 24 June 2024

First Online: 3 July 2024

Declarations

:

: Since we used secondary-analysis data from public datasets, including HRS (approved by National Institute on Aging and the Social Security Administration, NIA U01AG009740), CHARLS (approved by the Ethical Review Committee of Perking University, IRB00001052-11015), SHARE (approved by the Ethics Council of Max Planck Society), ELSA (approved by National Research and Ethics Service Committee South Central-Berkshire), and MHAS (approved by National Institutes of Health/National Institute on Ageing, NIH R01AG018016), So the detailed ethical approval could be found on respective origin surveys. Meanwhile, written informed consent was also obtained from any participant.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.