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Authors
Jindarattanaporn, Nongnuch https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6241-7851
Samsiripong, Weerapak https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6561-7357
Chuenchom, Salakjit https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2375-9534
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Mahidol University
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Article History
Received: 14 July 2025
Accepted: 1 December 2025
First Online: 8 December 2025
Declarations
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: This study involves human participants, and the protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Institute for Population and Social Research at Mahidol University, Thailand (COA. No0.2024/08–060). This study was conducted in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. This study relied on information obtained from publicly accessible sources, including company reports, government documents, and open-access media platforms. As no human participants or confidential personal data were involved, ethics approval and informed consent were not required. The identification of companies and individuals was necessary to ensure transparency, accountability, and reproducibility, consistent with the principles of academic integrity and public interest research. Importantly, our interpretations focus on institutional strategies and practices rather than the personal motives of individual actors.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
