Chen, Ping Hui
Chu, Po-Ching
Huang, Ching-Chun
Chen, Chi-Hsien
Guo, Yue Leon
Su, Ta-Chen
Chen, Pau-Chung
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan (NHRI-EM-114-PP-01, NHRI-EM-114-PP-01)
National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan (NSTC-112-2621-M-002-024-MY3, NSTC-112-2621-M-002-024-MY3)
Article History
Received: 1 June 2025
Accepted: 12 September 2025
First Online: 8 October 2025
Declarations
:
: Our data sources, NODIS, is operated by Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), Ministry of Labor, Taiwan, and our study was also conducted under a national policy program commissioned by OSHA. As part of this policy initiative, the Occupational Injury and Disease Management Service Center routinely analyzes anonymized, administrative-level data to inform policy and practice. Thus, our study does not obtain research ethics approval or a waiver.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.