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Article History

Received: 6 September 2019

Accepted: 13 February 2020

First Online: 1 April 2020

Ethics approval and consent to participate

: This protocol has received ethical approval from the Medical Ethics Committee of the Vrije University Medical Center number, the Netherlands ethics number 2017–618, the Karolinska Institutet, Sweden ethics number 2018/474–31/2 and the Science & Engineering Subcommittee, Human Research Ethics Committee at Macquarie University, Australia, Project ID 5460. Currently the UK are awaiting ethics approval.

: Not applicable.

: ADJ, KD and SMR work as chiropractors in private practice. MvT and SMR received grants from the European Chiropractors’ Union (ECU), the European Centre for Chiropractic Research Excellence (ECCRE), the Belgian Chiropractic Association (BVC) and the Netherlands Chiropractic Association (NCA) for his position at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. JH has received grants from ECCRE and the Danish Chiropractor’s Research Foundation. SDF has received funding from the Canadian Chiropractic Research Foundation, the Australian Chiropractors’ Association and the Chiropractic Australia Research Foundation. IA has received grants from the Institut för Kiropraktisk och Neuromuskuloskeltal forskning. KD has received funding from Australian Chiropractors Association. DN and JF has received funding from the Chiropractic Research Council. IA and SF are deputy editors with the journal Chiropractic and Manual Therapies, but did not have any influence over the review process or the decision to publish. SMR, KD, DN and JH serve on the editorial board with the journal Chiropractic and Manual Therapies, but were not involved in the review process or the decision to publish.