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Article History

Received: 15 August 2024

Accepted: 15 October 2024

First Online: 30 October 2024

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval for this study was granted by the Research Ethics Board at Ontario Tech University (REB #: 15791–130103). Consent to participate is not applicable as we analyzed national cross-sectional data of the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) in 2001–2018 conducted by Statistics Canada,

: NA.

: Dan Wang reports research grant from the Canadian Chiropractic Research Foundation to Ontario Tech University) and postdoctoral fellowship at Ontario Tech University (funded by Ontario Tech University and Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College). Jessica Wong is supported by a Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Research Excellence, Diversity and Independence Early Career Transition Award. Her postdoctoral research was supported by a Banting Postdoctoral Fellowship and she reports research grant from the Canadian Chiropractic Research Foundation (paid to university); research grants from CIHR, Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC), Eurospine, Chronic Pain Centre of Excellence for Canadian Veterans, Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, and Canadian Chiropractic Research Foundation (paid to university) outside the submitted work; and travel reimbursement for teaching from Eurospine and for scientific meetings from Chiropractic Academy of Research Leadership outside the submitted work. Sheilah Hogg-Johnson reports research grants from the Canadian Chiropractic Research Foundation (paid to Ontario Tech University); and research grants from the Canadian Chiropractic Research Foundation outside the submitted work (paid to Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College). Silvano Mior reports research grant from the Canadian Chiropractic Research Foundation (paid to Ontario Tech University); research grants from the Canadian Chiropractic Research Foundation (paid to Ontario Tech University and Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College) and Canadian Chiropractic Association (paid to Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College), and honoraria for lecturing from the Chiropractic Association of Saskatchewan outside the submitted work. Pierre Côté is supported by the Canada Research Chair award from CIHR (paid to Ontario Tech University), and reports research grant from the Canadian Chiropractic Research Foundation (paid to Ontario Tech University); research grants from CIHR, Canadian Chiropractic Research Foundation, and College of Chiropractors of British Columbia (paid to Ontario Tech University), payment to provide medical-legal expertise in court cases from the Canadian Chiropractic Protective Association and NCMIC, and travel reimbursement to the university for teaching and conference presentations from Eurospine, European Chiropractic Union and Chiropractic Association of Alberta outside the submitted work.