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Authors
Fu, Yanyan
Jenks, Alan D.
Rubinstein, Sidney M.
de Luca, Katie
Axen, Iben
Koes, Bart W.
Chiarotto, Alessandro
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The China Scholarship Council (202108330084)
the European Centre for chiropractic research excellence (01–2016-NL/MvT, 01–2016-NL/MvT)
Netherlands Chiropractic Association
The Australian Chiropractors Association
Institut för Kiropraktisk och Neuromuskuloskeltal forskning (802477–4724)
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Article History
Received: 14 March 2025
Accepted: 18 July 2025
First Online: 30 July 2025
Declarations
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: This study is a secondary analysis of the BACE-C project. All research groups in the BACE-C international consortium have obtained ethics approval for their national study, separately. The Netherlands study received ethical approval from the Medical Ethics Committee of the Vrije University Medical Center (approval number: 2017–618. The Swedish study received ethical approval from the Karolinska Institute (approval number 2018/474–31/2). The Australian study received ethical approval from the Macquarie University Science & Engineering Subcommittee, Human Research Ethics Committee (project ID 5460) and from the CQUniversity Human Research Ethics Committee (approval number: 023408).
: Not applicable for any individual person’s data in any form (including any individual details, images or videos).
: Alan D. Jenks and Sidney M. Rubinstein work as chiropractors in private practice. Iben Axen is Co-Editor-in-Chief of Chiropractic & Manual Therapies and Katie de Luca is Co-Editor for the special Issue of ‘Manual therapies for older adults during the Decade of Healthy Ageing’. The Chiropractic & Manual Therapies editorial management system automatically blinded the Co-Editor-in-Chief and Co-Editor from the submitted manuscript, and they had no part in this manuscript’s editorial or peer-review process. The other authors declare that they have no competing interests.
