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Article History

Received: 19 May 2025

Accepted: 13 September 2025

First Online: 21 October 2025

Declarations

:

: The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official position of the World Health Organization, World Federation of Chiropractic, Chiropractic Association of Alberta, the United States Government, or the institutions with which the authors are employed.

: This manuscript was awarded the NCMIC-JMPT Research Award at the 18th World Federation of Chiropractic Biennial Congress in Copenhagen, Denmark.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: The authors acknowledge the following competing interests: RB served in an independent contractor capacity for the World Federation of Chiropractic during this study, and received funding in this capacity. BCC, SR, SAS, and KAP serve in a voluntary capacity for the World Federation of Chiropractic Research Committee and are members of the WFC Global Patient Safety Initiative Executive Committee. SR, MF, and SAS are Editorial Board members of Chiropractic and Manual Therapies, and SR, BC, and SAS are Guest Editors for an article collection on patient safety published by Chiropractic and Manual Therapies. They had no involvement in the editorial review of this manuscript for the journal. SAS reports research grant funding outside the submitted work from the U.S. National Institutes of Health—National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (paid to Palmer College of Chiropractic), travel support for research presentations from Parker Seminars, and voluntary membership on the Scientific Commission of The Clinical Compass. KAP reports voluntary board member of the Chiropractic Future Research Workgroup; awardee of research grants unrelated to this work from chiropractic research funding bodies (Chiropractic Australia [including Chiropractic Australia Research Foundation], Australian Chiropractors Association, the Chiropractic Alumni [via the Macquarie University and Chiropractic Alumni Research Fund {MtCaRF}], the Canadian Chiropractic Research Foundation, the American Chiropractic Association’s Council on Chiropractic Pediatrics, and the Royal College of Chiropractors). MF reports research grant funding unrelated to this work from the Canadian Tri-Council New Frontiers in Research Fund, Chiropractic Australia [including Chiropractic Australia Research Foundation], Australian Chiropractors Association, the Chiropractic Alumni [via the Macquarie University and Chiropractic Alumni Research Fund {MtCaRF}], the Canadian Chiropractic Research Foundation, Ontario Chiropractic Association, British Columbia Chiropractic Association, Chiropractor’s Association of Saskatchewan, RAND Research Pilot Grants, and the Danish Foundation for Chiropractic Research and Postgraduate Education. KAP, SAS, MK, SR and RB report RAND Research Pilot Grant funding in the first quarter of 2025.