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Article History

Received: 28 July 2025

Accepted: 5 March 2026

First Online: 16 March 2026

Declarations

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: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: The authors acknowledge the following competing interests. CJD, RJF, SAS, WMW, SAW, and ALS are all members of the Clinical Compass Scientific Commission. The efforts of CJD and ALS were partially funded through Clinical Compass. The Clinical Compass Executive Board approved initiation of the study but did not have any input or oversight of the study design or or conduct. SAS serves in a voluntary capacity for the World Federation of Chiropractic Research Committee and is a member of the WFC Global Patient Safety Initiative Executive Committee. SAS is a member of the editorial board of Chiropractic & Manual Therapies and serves as a guest editor for a special collection on patient safety; she had no involvement in the editorial decisions related to this manuscript. SAS reports research grant funding outside the submitted work from the U.S. National Institutes of Health—National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (paid to Palmer College of Chiropractic) and travel support for research presentations from Parker Seminars. SAS and MK report funding unrelated to this project from RAND Research Pilot Grants. Palmer Center for Chiropractic Research provided in-kind support for SAS and MK. The authors have no additional relevant financial conflicts of interest to disclose.

: The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official position of the funders, AmericanChiropractic Association, the United States Government, or the institutions with which the authors are employed.