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Article History

Received: 2 December 2025

Accepted: 2 July 2026

First Online: 25 July 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This was a retrospective cohort study conducted at Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, a tertiary care academic medical center (No. Not assigned, our institutional ethics committee has formally approved this study and confirmed that our institution does not issue dedicated ethics approval numbers for retrospective, observational studies of this nature (which uses de-identified archived clinical samples with no direct patient intervention).All research conducted on humans and human data/material in this study adhered to the Helsinki Declaration. Given its retrospective design and use of anonymized archival pathology data, the requirement for informed consent was waived by the ethics committee.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.