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Authors
Andrianome, Tojo https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4490-3344
Rakoto, Danielle https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6946-4676
Fisher, Brian L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4653-3270
Hugel, Sylvain https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2464-3601
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Article History
Received: 17 October 2025
Accepted: 12 January 2026
First Online: 26 January 2026
Declarations
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: This study received ethical approval from the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Economics, Management, and Sociology at the University of Antananarivo before conducting the fieldwork (approval from July 1st, 2024).
: Authorization for conducting the research was also granted by the respective mayors of the three participating communes and the heads of each fokontany (village). Informed oral consent to participate was obtained from all adult participants by the interviewer in the presence of a research assistant. For participants who were minors, informed oral consent to participate was obtained from their parents or legal guardians under the same conditions.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
