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Article History

Received: 31 October 2025

Accepted: 12 February 2026

First Online: 5 March 2026

Declarations

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: Prior to starting data collection, we secured permission from Jigjiga district Administration Offices. Informants were verbally asked for their consent before interviews and group discussions, and their data was recorded only upon their approval. We also obtained explicit consent from them for the publication of any personal information collected. Our study strictly followed the ethical guidelines outlined by the Jigjiga University declaration, which governs research involving human and animal subjects, and was approved by the university’s Institutional Review Board. We guaranteed that all participants provided informed consent and that their rights and welfare were protected throughout the research process, in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Participants were informed about the study’s objectives, expected outcomes, potential benefits, and any risks involved. Written consent was obtained from each individual prior to data collection. The plant collection was conducted on both private and public land, with the necessary permissions from landowners and the relevant authorities in Jigjiga district.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants for their participation in the study and for the publication of the anonymized data.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Not applicable.