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Article History

Received: 28 January 2026

Accepted: 19 February 2026

First Online: 23 February 2026

Declarations

:

: Prior to data collection, permission was obtained from the Sheikh District Administration Offices, Sahil Region, Somaliland. All informants were fully informed of the study objectives and procedures and provided verbal or written consent before participating in interviews, focus group discussions, or field activities. Plant specimen collection was conducted with the permission of landowners and relevant authorities, following ethical and sustainable practices. This study adhered to the ethical guidelines of Jigjiga University and was approved by the Institutional Review Board. Research was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, ensuring the privacy, welfare, and rights of participants throughout the study.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants for the use of anonymized data in publication.

: The authors declare no competing interests.