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Article History

Received: 15 March 2026

Accepted: 28 May 2026

First Online: 7 June 2026

Declarations

:

: The Institutional Research Ethics Review Committee (IRERC) at Gambella University waived the approval and ethical review as the study involved a non-invasive data collection method, such as a survey, focus group discussion, key informant interview, and field observation, which posed minimal risk to the participants.

: The study participants were provided oral and written informed consent before data collection. Participation was voluntary, and participants could withdraw at any time without penalties. They were informed that their answers were completely confidential. All procedures involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standard of Ethiopian Ministry of Sciences and Higher Education and the 1964 Helsinki Declaration.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.