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Article History

Received: 29 December 2025

Accepted: 11 February 2026

First Online: 27 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Changsha Stomatological Hospital (Approval No.: 2025 − 173). The study adhered strictly to the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki . Given the retrospective design and no compromise to patient privacy, the Ethics Committee granted a waiver for informed consent. All patient data were anonymized and de-identified prior to analysis.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.