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Authors
Iqbal, Sajid
Ahmed, Kheezran
Mansoor, Maryam
Muhammad, Ameer
Qaiser, Sana
Baloch, Benazir
Parpio, Yasmin
Shafiq, Yasir
Nisar, Muhammad Imran
Ginsburg, Amy Sarah
Flaherman, Valerie
Jehan, Fyezah
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
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Article History
Received: 14 May 2025
Accepted: 19 December 2025
First Online: 8 January 2026
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the Ethical Review Committee of Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan (ERC reference number: 2019-1434-5503). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their inclusion. Mothers provided consent for themselves and their infants; fathers and grandmothers provided consent for their own participation.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
