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Article History

Received: 23 March 2026

Accepted: 25 August 2026

First Online: 1 September 2026

Declarations

Ethical approval: This study is a qualitative research article based on the systematic examination and analysis of published official monographs from the early Republican period (The Sanitary and Social Geography of Turkey series) together with relevant secondary historical literature. The research did not involve human participants or animals, nor did it include questionnaires, interviews, observational studies, or clinical interventions. Accordingly, ethics committee approval was not required. All primary sources examined are publicly available and accessible through library and archival collections.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.